Sunburn

Sunburn is skin damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) rays. It usually causes the skin to become red, sore, warm, tender and occasionally itchy for about a week.

The skin will normally start to flake and peel after a few days and will usually fully heal within 7 days.

While sunburn is often short-lived and mild, it's important to try to avoid it, because it can increase your chances of developing serious health problems, such as skin cancer, in later life.

It’s easy to underestimate your exposure to the sun when outside, as the redness doesn’t usually develop for several hours. Breezes and getting wet (such as going in and out of the sea) may cool your skin, so you don’t realise you’re getting burnt.

You should always be aware of the risk of sunburn if you’re outside in strong sun, and look out for your skin getting hot.

What to do if you're sunburnt

If you or your child has sunburn, you should get out of the sun as soon as possible – head indoors or into a shady area.

You can usually treat mild sunburn at home, although there are some circumstances where you should seek medical advice.

The following advice may help to relieve your symptoms until your skin heals.

Do

cool the skin by sponging it with cold water or by having a cold bath or shower – applying a cold compress such as a cold flannel to the affected area may also help
drink plenty of fluids to cool you down and prevent dehydration
take pain relief such as ibuprofen or paracetamol to relieve any pain – aspirin should not be given to children under 16
try to avoid all sunlight, including through windows, by covering up the affected areas of skin until your skin has fully healed

Get treatment advice from your local pharmacy

Your nearest pharmacist can advise you on the best treatment if you have sunburn.

Find your nearest pharmacy

When to seek medical advice

Non-urgent advice: Contact your GP practice if:

You have sunburn and feel unwell or have any concerns about your sunburn, particularly if you're burnt over a large area or have any of the more severe symptoms such as:

blistering or swelling of the skin (oedema)
chills
a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, or 37.5C (99.5F) or above in children under five
dizziness, headaches and feeling sick (symptoms of heat exhaustion)

You should also see your GP if a young child or baby has sunburn, as their skin is particularly fragile.

If your GP practice is closed, phone 111.

Your GP may recommend using hydrocortisone cream for a few days (this is also available over the counter at pharmacies) to reduce the inflammation of your skin.

Severe sunburn may require special burn cream and burn dressings from your GP or a nurse at your GP practice. Very occasionally, hospital treatment may be needed.

Who's at risk of sunburn?

Everyone who is exposed to UV light is at risk of getting sunburn, although some people are more vulnerable than others.

You should take extra care when out in the sun if you:

have pale, white or light brown skin
have freckles or red or fair hair
tend to burn rather than tan
have many moles
have skin problems relating to a medical condition
are only exposed to intense sun occasionally – for example, while on holiday
are in a hot country where the sun is particularly intense
have a family history of skin cancer

People who spend a lot of time in the sun, whether it’s for work or play, are at increased risk of skin cancer if they don’t take the right precautions.

Snow, sand, concrete and water can reflect the sun’s rays onto your skin, and the sun is more intense at high altitudes.

Dangers of UV rays

The short-term risks of sun exposure are sunburn and sun allergy.

The longer-term risks (over decades) include:

actinic (solar) keratoses – rough and scaly pre-cancerous spots on the skin
skin cancer – including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer
eye problems – such as photokeratitis (snow blindness) and cataracts
premature ageing of the skin and wrinkling

Preventing sunburn

Skin should be protected from strong sunlight by covering up with suitable clothing, seeking shade and applying sunscreen.

In the UK, the risk of getting sunburnt is highest from March to October, particularly from 11am to 3pm, when the sun's rays are strongest.

There is also a risk of getting sunburn in other weather conditions. For example, light reflecting off snow can also cause sunburn. You can also burn in cloudy and cool conditions.

Suitable clothing

Suitable clothing includes:

a wide-brimmed hat that shades the face, neck and ears
a long-sleeved top
trousers or long skirts in close-weave fabrics that do not allow sunlight through
sunglasses with wraparound lenses or wide arms with the CE Mark and European Standard EN 1836:2005.

Sunscreen

When buying sunscreen, make sure it’s suitable for your skin and blocks both ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation.

The sunscreen label should have:

the letters ‘UVA’ in a circle logo and at least 4-star UVA protection
at least SPF30 sunscreen to protect against UVB

Most people do not apply enough sunscreen. The amount of sunscreen needed for the body of an average adult to achieve the stated sun protection factor (SPF) is around 35ml or 6 to 8 teaspoons of lotion.

If sunscreen is applied too thinly, it provides less protection. If you’re worried you might not be applying enough SPF30, you could use a stronger SPF50 sunscreen.

If you plan to be out in the sun long enough to risk burning, sunscreen needs to be applied twice:

30 minutes before going out
just before you go out

Sunscreen should be applied to all exposed skin, including the face, neck and ears (and head if you have thinning or no hair), but a wide-brimmed hat is better.

How long it takes for your skin to go red or burn varies from person to person. The Cancer Research UK website has a handy tool where you can find out your skin type, to see when you might be at risk of burning.

Water-resistant sunscreen is needed if sweating or contact with water is likely.

Sunscreen needs to be reapplied liberally, frequently and according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This includes straight after you’ve been in water (even if it is ‘water-resistant’) and after towel drying, sweating or when it may have rubbed off.